Preventing Electrical Failures with Routine Checks

Importance of Proper Refrigerant Levels

Preventing electrical failures is crucial in both residential and commercial settings, where the consequences of neglect can range from minor inconveniences to devastating accidents. One effective strategy for mitigating these risks is the implementation of routine checks. Routine checks are a proactive approach that serve as a frontline defense against potential electrical issues, ensuring safety, efficiency, and longevity of electrical systems.


The importance of routine checks cannot be overstated when it comes to preventing electrical failures. Electrical systems are complex networks that experience wear and tear over time due to various factors such as environmental conditions, usage patterns, and aging components. Without regular inspections, small issues can go unnoticed and eventually escalate into major problems. For example, frayed wires or loose connections might seem insignificant at first but can lead to short circuits or even fires if left unaddressed.


Emergency repairs are often required during extreme weather conditions mobile home hvac systems prices HVAC.

Routine checks provide an opportunity to identify such issues early on. By systematically inspecting wiring, circuits, outlets, and appliances, potential hazards can be detected before they become serious threats. This not only helps in averting costly repairs but also protects lives by reducing the risk of electric shocks or fires. Moreover, conducting these checks regularly ensures compliance with safety standards and regulations which are vital for both legal liability reasons and peace of mind.


Another significant advantage of routine checks is optimizing energy efficiency. Faulty components or outdated systems often consume more power than necessary leading to higher energy bills. Through regular maintenance and updates identified during routine inspections, property owners can enhance the performance of their electrical systems making them more efficient and environmentally friendly.


Additionally, routine checks contribute to the longevity of electrical infrastructure. Just as regular servicing extends the life of a car engine, consistent monitoring and maintenance preserve the integrity of an electrical system. This means fewer breakdowns over time and a longer lifespan for all components involved from circuit breakers to entire panels.


In conclusion, incorporating routine checks into a maintenance schedule is an essential practice for preventing electrical failures. It involves minimal effort compared to its benefits: enhanced safety, reduced costs through prevention rather than cure strategies improved energy efficiency extended lifespan for equipment compliance with safety norms-and above all-the assurance that one's home or business environment remains secure from unforeseen electricity-related mishaps.. By prioritizing these inspections we invest not only in our infrastructures but also protect what matters most-the well-being of individuals who live or work within them-offering peace-of-mind knowing every precaution has been taken against preventable disasters associated with neglected upkeep on our essential power sources!

Mobile homes, while offering unique and affordable living solutions, present their own set of challenges when it comes to maintaining HVAC systems. One of the most significant issues homeowners face is electrical problems, which can disrupt the comfort and safety provided by these essential systems. Identifying common electrical problems in mobile home HVAC systems is a critical step in preventing failures and ensuring longevity through routine checks.


Firstly, it's important to recognize that mobile homes are often equipped with HVAC systems designed specifically for their compact size and unique construction. These specialized units may be more susceptible to certain types of electrical issues than traditional residential systems. Common problems include faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and malfunctioning components such as capacitors or relays.


Faulty wiring is perhaps the most prevalent issue in mobile home HVAC systems. Due to the nature of mobile home construction, electrical wiring may become loose or damaged over time due to vibrations from movement or inadequate installation practices. Loose connections can lead to intermittent power supply issues or even pose a fire hazard if not addressed promptly.


Overloaded circuits are another frequent problem. Mobile homes typically have limited electrical capacity compared to standard houses, which means that adding additional appliances or devices without upgrading the system can lead to circuit overloads. An overloaded circuit can cause breakers to trip frequently or even result in permanent damage to the HVAC system if not rectified.


Malfunctioning components such as capacitors or relays also contribute significantly to electrical failures in HVAC systems. Capacitors store and release energy required for starting motors within the unit; if they fail, your system might struggle to start up or run inefficiently. Relays control the flow of electricity within the system; any failure here could prevent necessary functions from occurring altogether.


Preventing these issues requires regular maintenance and vigilance through routine checks. Homeowners should inspect their HVAC units periodically for signs of wear and tear on wires and connectors. Ensuring that all connections are secure helps mitigate risks associated with faulty wiring.


Additionally, monitoring the load on circuits by being mindful of how many devices are plugged into outlets simultaneously can prevent overloads. If frequent tripping occurs, consulting an electrician about upgrading circuit capacity could be vital.


Routine professional inspections play an indispensable role in maintaining healthy HVAC systems in mobile homes. A trained technician can identify potential component failures before they become significant problems, replacing worn-out parts like capacitors or relays proactively.


In conclusion, identifying common electrical problems in mobile home HVAC systems involves understanding the specific vulnerabilities these units face due to their design and environment. By conducting regular checks for faulty wiring, managing circuit loads carefully, and scheduling professional inspections periodically, homeowners can significantly reduce their risk of experiencing disruptive electrical failures. This proactive approach not only ensures continued comfort but also enhances safety and prolongs the life of your valuable heating and cooling equipment-making it an investment well worth undertaking for peace of mind year-round.

Recognizing Signs of Refrigerant Leaks in Mobile Home Systems

Refrigerant leaks in mobile home systems can lead to significant issues, not only impacting the efficiency of cooling and heating systems but also posing environmental and health risks.. Recognizing the signs of these leaks is crucial for timely intervention and prevention of future occurrences.

Posted by on 2024-12-27

How Energy Efficiency Upgrades Lower Mobile Home Utility Costs

Title: Accessing Funding and Incentives for Upgrades: How Energy Efficiency Upgrades Lower Mobile Home Utility Costs In today's world, where environmental consciousness and economic prudence go hand in hand, mobile home owners are increasingly turning towards energy efficiency upgrades to reduce utility costs.. These improvements not only pave the way for a more sustainable lifestyle but also offer significant financial relief.

Posted by on 2024-12-27

Troubleshooting Common Thermostat Issues in Mobile Homes

In the realm of mobile homes, where space is often limited and construction materials vary, maintaining a comfortable indoor climate can be a challenge.. Thermostats play a crucial role in regulating temperature, ensuring both energy efficiency and comfort.

Posted by on 2024-12-27

Signs and Symptoms of Low Refrigerant

Preventing electrical failures is a critical aspect of maintaining the safety and efficiency of any facility or home. Routine electrical checks are an essential practice to ensure that electrical systems function optimally and to preemptively address potential issues before they escalate into significant problems. By implementing a structured approach to these checks, one can significantly diminish the risk of electrical failures, thereby safeguarding property and lives.


The first step in conducting routine electrical checks is planning. Establishing a regular schedule for inspections is crucial; it could be monthly, quarterly, or biannually depending on the complexity and demands of the system in question. A well-defined plan allows for systematic evaluation and ensures that nothing is overlooked. Additionally, having a checklist of items to inspect can help maintain consistency across evaluations. Items on this list might include circuit breakers, wiring connections, outlets, switches, and any visible components like cables or conduits.


Once planning is complete, the next step involves visual inspection. This preliminary assessment helps identify obvious signs of wear and tear such as frayed wires, scorch marks around outlets or switches, loose connections, and rust or corrosion on panel boards or metallic parts. Visual inspections are straightforward yet vital as they often reveal issues that can be addressed immediately without requiring advanced tools or techniques.


Following visual inspections comes testing with appropriate tools. Voltage testers and multimeters are invaluable devices used to check if outlets are functioning correctly and if circuits are carrying the proper load. Testing should also involve ensuring that all safety devices like ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) are operational-they play a crucial role in preventing electric shocks by cutting off power when imbalances in current are detected.


Another important step involves thermal imaging scans for larger systems typically found in commercial settings or industrial plants. These scans identify hot spots caused by overloading or faulty connections that might not be noticeable during standard visual checks but indicate underlying problems needing urgent attention.


Documentation forms an integral part of routine electrical checks as well. Keeping detailed records of each inspection helps track changes over time-this historical data can highlight recurring problems that require more comprehensive solutions than quick fixes can offer. Documentation also aids communication among team members who may conduct future inspections.


Finally, after completing all checks and tests, any identified issues must be rectified promptly by qualified personnel to prevent them from developing into serious faults later on. Regular maintenance based on these findings will enhance system reliability while extending its lifespan considerably.


In conclusion, conducting routine electrical checks involves meticulous planning followed by thorough visual inspections coupled with precise testing using appropriate tools-augmented where necessary by advanced techniques such as thermal imaging-and concludes with diligent documentation and prompt remediation efforts where required. This structured approach not only prevents unforeseen disruptions but also promotes overall safety within homes or facilities while fostering peace of mind for all occupants involved.

Signs and Symptoms of Low Refrigerant

Impact of Low Refrigerant on HVAC System Performance

Preventing electrical failures is a critical aspect of maintaining safety and efficiency in both residential and commercial settings. Routine checks are an essential part of this preventive approach, as they ensure that electrical systems remain in optimal condition. To conduct effective electrical inspections, it is vital to have the right tools and equipment at hand. These tools not only facilitate a thorough assessment but also enhance the accuracy and reliability of the inspection process.


One of the most fundamental tools required for electrical inspections is a multimeter. This versatile device measures voltage, current, and resistance, providing valuable insights into the functioning of an electrical circuit. By using a multimeter, inspectors can quickly identify abnormal readings that may indicate potential issues such as overloads or faulty connections. Its portability and ease of use make it indispensable in diagnosing problems before they escalate into significant failures.


Insulation testers are another critical component in preventing electrical malfunctions. They assess the integrity of insulating materials around wires or components, ensuring there are no leaks or weaknesses that could lead to short circuits or fires. Regular testing with these devices allows for timely replacement or repair of compromised insulation, thereby safeguarding against unanticipated breakdowns.


Additionally, infrared thermometers play a crucial role in detecting hotspots within electrical systems. Overheated components often signal underlying problems like poor connections or overloaded circuits. By identifying these heat anomalies early through non-contact temperature measurements, inspectors can address issues before they cause equipment damage or pose safety hazards.


Circuit tracers are also invaluable during inspections as they help map out complex wiring systems within buildings. They enable inspectors to locate specific breakers associated with certain outlets without having to manually trace each wire-a task that can be tedious and error-prone without the right equipment.


In addition to these specialized tools, basic hand tools such as insulated screwdrivers, pliers, and wire strippers are essential for safely working on live circuits during inspections. Insulated tools protect against accidental shocks while allowing precise manipulation of wires and components.


Furthermore, personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial when conducting any form of electrical inspection. Items such as rubber gloves, safety goggles, and flame-resistant clothing protect inspectors from potential hazards like electric shock or arc flashes.


In summary, effective electrical inspections hinge on having a comprehensive toolkit tailored to diagnose various potential issues within an electrical system. From multimeters to circuit tracers-and not forgetting basic hand tools-each piece plays an integral role in identifying faults that could lead to failures if left unchecked. Coupled with routine checks conducted by skilled professionals equipped with appropriate PPE, these tools ensure that electrical systems operate safely and efficiently over time. Investing in quality inspection tools ultimately translates into fewer disruptions due to unexpected failures and ensures peace of mind knowing that risks have been mitigated proactively rather than reactively addressing them after incidents occur.

Steps for Diagnosing Low Refrigerant Issues

Routine maintenance is an essential aspect of ensuring the longevity and efficiency of electrical systems. Preventing electrical failures with regular checks requires not only technical know-how but also a diligent adherence to safety precautions. Safety, after all, should never be compromised, especially when dealing with electricity-a powerful yet potentially dangerous force.


First and foremost, every maintenance procedure must begin with an understanding of the system's current state. This involves reviewing documentation, schematics, and past maintenance records. By doing so, technicians can anticipate potential problem areas and approach them with necessary caution. Before any hands-on work begins, it's crucial to ensure that the power supply is completely de-energized. Lockout/tagout procedures should be strictly followed to prevent accidental re-energization while maintenance is being performed.


Personal protective equipment (PPE) is another vital component in maintaining safety during routine checks. Depending on the specific task at hand, this may include insulated gloves, goggles, face shields, or flame-resistant clothing. Such equipment acts as a barrier against unexpected electrical discharges or arc flashes that could otherwise cause severe injury.


Moreover, using the right tools for each job cannot be overstressed. Insulated tools are designed specifically for electrical work and provide an extra layer of protection against electric shock. It's also important to regularly inspect these tools for wear and damage before use; even a small defect can compromise their effectiveness.


Communication among team members plays a significant role in maintaining safety during routine checks. A clear understanding of roles and responsibilities helps minimize confusion and errors that could lead to accidents. Team briefings prior to beginning work ensure everyone is aware of what needs to be done and how it will be carried out safely.


In addition to immediate safety measures during maintenance tasks, ongoing education and training are key in preventing future electrical failures. Technicians should stay informed about the latest safety standards and technological advancements in electrical systems management.


Lastly, documenting each step taken during maintenance allows for better tracking of issues over time-this not only aids in immediate troubleshooting but also helps predict potential problems before they arise.


In conclusion, preventing electrical failures through routine checks necessitates a comprehensive approach centered on safety precautions. From de-energizing systems and using appropriate PPE to employing proper tools and fostering effective communication among team members-all these steps collectively contribute to creating a safer working environment while enhancing the reliability of electrical systems over time.

Preventive Measures and Maintenance Tips

Regular maintenance of HVAC systems is a crucial practice that can significantly enhance both performance and longevity, particularly in preventing electrical failures. HVAC systems are intricate networks of components that work together to ensure optimal indoor climate control. Among the most critical components are the electrical parts, which, if neglected, can lead to system failures or even hazardous situations.


Routine checks play a vital role in mitigating the risk of electrical failures. Through scheduled inspections, potential issues such as loose connections, frayed wires, or faulty circuits can be identified early before they escalate into major problems. These inspections typically involve checking voltage levels, testing capacitors, and ensuring all safety controls are functioning correctly. By addressing these minor issues promptly, homeowners can prevent unexpected breakdowns that often lead to costly repairs or replacements.


Moreover, regular maintenance helps in maintaining energy efficiency. Electrical failures often cause HVAC systems to work harder than necessary, leading to increased energy consumption and higher utility bills. By ensuring that all electrical components are operating smoothly, the system can maintain its designed efficiency levels. This not only saves money but also reduces the environmental impact by minimizing energy waste.


Another significant benefit of regular maintenance is prolonging the lifespan of the HVAC system. Electrical components that are well-maintained tend to last longer because they operate under optimal conditions without being subjected to undue stress or overheating caused by faults or inefficiencies. This extended lifespan translates into better return on investment for homeowners and less frequent need for new installations.


Furthermore, routine checks contribute to safety within the home environment. Faulty wiring or malfunctioning electrical parts pose a fire hazard risk that could endanger lives and property. Regular maintenance ensures these risks are minimized by keeping all components in good working order and replacing any parts that show signs of wear or damage.


In summary, regular maintenance of HVAC systems is an essential practice for preventing electrical failures and enhancing overall system performance and longevity. Routine checks allow for early detection and resolution of potential problems while maintaining energy efficiency and safety standards. Through diligent care and attention to detail in maintaining these complex systems, homeowners can enjoy reliable heating and cooling while safeguarding their investment for years to come.

 

An ab anbar (water reservoir) with double domes and windcatchers (openings near the top of the towers) in the central desert city of Naeen, Iran. Windcatchers are a form of natural ventilation.[1]

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of the indoor environment, or other objectives.

The intentional introduction of outdoor air is usually categorized as either mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation, or mixed-mode ventilation.[2]

  • Mechanical ventilation is the intentional fan-driven flow of outdoor air into and/or out from a building. Mechanical ventilation systems may include supply fans (which push outdoor air into a building), exhaust[3] fans (which draw air out of a building and thereby cause equal ventilation flow into a building), or a combination of both (called balanced ventilation if it neither pressurizes nor depressurizes the inside air,[3] or only slightly depressurizes it). Mechanical ventilation is often provided by equipment that is also used to heat and cool a space.
  • Natural ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outdoor air into a building through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air. Instead, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as wind pressure, or the stack effect. Natural ventilation openings may be fixed, or adjustable. Adjustable openings may be controlled automatically (automated), owned by occupants (operable), or a combination of both. Cross ventilation is a phenomenon of natural ventilation.
  • Mixed-mode ventilation systems use both mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used at the same time, at different times of day, or in different seasons of the year.[4] Since natural ventilation flow depends on environmental conditions, it may not always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or regulate the naturally driven flow.

Ventilation is typically described as separate from infiltration.

  • Infiltration is the circumstantial flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a building envelope. When a building design relies on infiltration to maintain indoor air quality, this flow has been referred to as adventitious ventilation.[5]

The design of buildings that promote occupant health and well-being requires a clear understanding of the ways that ventilation airflow interacts with, dilutes, displaces, or introduces pollutants within the occupied space. Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone.[6] A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of occupant health and energy.[7] In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary.[8] In kitchen ventilation systems, or for laboratory fume hoods, the design of effective effluent capture can be more important than the bulk amount of ventilation in a space. More generally, the way that an air distribution system causes ventilation to flow into and out of a space impacts the ability of a particular ventilation rate to remove internally generated pollutants. The ability of a system to reduce pollution in space is described as its "ventilation effectiveness". However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality can depend on more complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the ways that activities and airflow interact to affect occupant exposure.

An array of factors related to the design and operation of ventilation systems are regulated by various codes and standards. Standards dealing with the design and operation of ventilation systems to achieve acceptable indoor air quality include the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards 62.1 and 62.2, the International Residential Code, the International Mechanical Code, and the United Kingdom Building Regulations Part F. Other standards that focus on energy conservation also impact the design and operation of ventilation systems, including ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and the International Energy Conservation Code.

When indoor and outdoor conditions are favorable, increasing ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality can significantly improve both indoor air quality and thermal comfort through ventilative cooling, which also helps reduce the energy demand of buildings.[9][10] During these times, higher ventilation rates, achieved through passive or mechanical means (air-side economizer, ventilative pre-cooling), can be particularly beneficial for enhancing people's physical health.[11] Conversely, when conditions are less favorable, maintaining or improving indoor air quality through ventilation may require increased use of mechanical heating or cooling, leading to higher energy consumption.

Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to "venting" for appliances and combustion equipment such as water heaters, furnaces, boilers, and wood stoves. Most importantly, building ventilation design must be careful to avoid the backdraft of combustion products from "naturally vented" appliances into the occupied space. This issue is of greater importance for buildings with more air-tight envelopes. To avoid the hazard, many modern combustion appliances utilize "direct venting" which draws combustion air directly from outdoors, instead of from the indoor environment.

Design of air flow in rooms

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The air in a room can be supplied and removed in several ways, for example via ceiling ventilation, cross ventilation, floor ventilation or displacement ventilation.[citation needed]

Furthermore, the air can be circulated in the room using vortexes which can be initiated in various ways:

Ventilation rates for indoor air quality

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The ventilation rate, for commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) buildings, is normally expressed by the volumetric flow rate of outdoor air, introduced to the building. The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) in the imperial system, or liters per second (L/s) in the metric system (even though cubic meter per second is the preferred unit for volumetric flow rate in the SI system of units). The ventilation rate can also be expressed on a per person or per unit floor area basis, such as CFM/p or CFM/ft², or as air changes per hour (ACH).

Standards for residential buildings

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For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a common ventilation rate measure is the air change rate (or air changes per hour): the hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of the space (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely air-sealed house.[12]

ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon floor area, as a revision to the 62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than 15 CFM/person (7.1 L/s/person). As of 2003, the standard has been changed to 3 CFM/100 sq. ft. (15 L/s/100 sq. m.) plus 7.5 CFM/person (3.5 L/s/person).[13]

Standards for commercial buildings

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Ventilation rate procedure

[edit]

Ventilation Rate Procedure is rate based on standard and prescribes the rate at which ventilation air must be delivered to space and various means to the condition that air.[14] Air quality is assessed (through CO2 measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants. Indoor Air Quality Procedure uses one or more guidelines for the specification of acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants in indoor air but does not prescribe ventilation rates or air treatment methods.[14] This addresses both quantitative and subjective evaluations and is based on the Ventilation Rate Procedure. It also accounts for potential contaminants that may have no measured limits, or for which no limits are not set (such as formaldehyde off-gassing from carpet and furniture).

Natural ventilation

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Natural ventilation harnesses naturally available forces to supply and remove air in an enclosed space. Poor ventilation in rooms is identified to significantly increase the localized moldy smell in specific places of the room including room corners.[11] There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind-driven ventilation, pressure-driven flows, and stack ventilation.[15] The pressures generated by 'the stack effect' rely upon the buoyancy of heated or rising air. Wind-driven ventilation relies upon the force of the prevailing wind to pull and push air through the enclosed space as well as through breaches in the building's envelope.

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally.[16] The technique was generally abandoned in larger US buildings during the late 20th century as the use of air conditioning became more widespread. However, with the advent of advanced Building Performance Simulation (BPS) software, improved Building Automation Systems (BAS), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) design requirements, and improved window manufacturing techniques; natural ventilation has made a resurgence in commercial buildings both globally and throughout the US.[17]

The benefits of natural ventilation include:

  • Improved indoor air quality (IAQ)
  • Energy savings
  • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
  • Occupant control
  • Reduction in occupant illness associated with sick building syndrome
  • Increased worker productivity

Techniques and architectural features used to ventilate buildings and structures naturally include, but are not limited to:

  • Operable windows
  • Clerestory windows and vented skylights
  • Lev/convection doors
  • Night purge ventilation
  • Building orientation
  • Wind capture façades

Airborne diseases

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Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19.[18] Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance-free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.[19]

Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.

Ventilation is measured in terms of air changes per hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH.[20] For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH.[21] Challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness,[22][23] ineffective government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.[24]

Pressure, both political and economic, to improve energy conservation has led to decreased ventilation rates. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning rates have dropped since the energy crisis in the 1970s and the banning of cigarette smoke in the 1980s and 1990s.[25][26][better source needed]

Mechanical ventilation

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An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.

Mechanical ventilation of buildings and structures can be achieved by the use of the following techniques:

  • Whole-house ventilation
  • Mixing ventilation
  • Displacement ventilation
  • Dedicated subaerial air supply

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)

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Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known as Demand Control Ventilation) makes it possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy.[27][28] ASHRAE has determined that "It is consistent with the ventilation rate procedure that demand control be permitted for use to reduce the total outdoor air supply during periods of less occupancy."[29] In a DCV system, CO2 sensors control the amount of ventilation.[30][31] During peak occupancy, CO2 levels rise, and the system adjusts to deliver the same amount of outdoor air as would be used by the ventilation-rate procedure.[32] However, when spaces are less occupied, CO2 levels reduce, and the system reduces ventilation to conserves energy. DCV is a well-established practice,[33] and is required in high occupancy spaces by building energy standards such as ASHRAE 90.1.[34]

Personalized ventilation

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Personalized ventilation is an air distribution strategy that allows individuals to control the amount of ventilation received. The approach delivers fresh air more directly to the breathing zone and aims to improve the air quality of inhaled air. Personalized ventilation provides much higher ventilation effectiveness than conventional mixing ventilation systems by displacing pollution from the breathing zone with far less air volume. Beyond improved air quality benefits, the strategy can also improve occupants' thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and overall satisfaction with the indoor environment. Individuals' preferences for temperature and air movement are not equal, and so traditional approaches to homogeneous environmental control have failed to achieve high occupant satisfaction. Techniques such as personalized ventilation facilitate control of a more diverse thermal environment that can improve thermal satisfaction for most occupants.

Local exhaust ventilation

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Local exhaust ventilation addresses the issue of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread into the environment. This can include water vapor control, lavatory effluent control, solvent vapors from industrial processes, and dust from wood- and metal-working machinery. Air can be exhausted through pressurized hoods or the use of fans and pressurizing a specific area.[35]
A local exhaust system is composed of five basic parts:

  1. A hood that captures the contaminant at its source
  2. Ducts for transporting the air
  3. An air-cleaning device that removes/minimizes the contaminant
  4. A fan that moves the air through the system
  5. An exhaust stack through which the contaminated air is discharged[35]

In the UK, the use of LEV systems has regulations set out by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) which are referred to as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (CoSHH). Under CoSHH, legislation is set to protect users of LEV systems by ensuring that all equipment is tested at least every fourteen months to ensure the LEV systems are performing adequately. All parts of the system must be visually inspected and thoroughly tested and where any parts are found to be defective, the inspector must issue a red label to identify the defective part and the issue.

The owner of the LEV system must then have the defective parts repaired or replaced before the system can be used.

Smart ventilation

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Smart ventilation is a process of continually adjusting the ventilation system in time, and optionally by location, to provide the desired IAQ benefits while minimizing energy consumption, utility bills, and other non-IAQ costs (such as thermal discomfort or noise). A smart ventilation system adjusts ventilation rates in time or by location in a building to be responsive to one or more of the following: occupancy, outdoor thermal and air quality conditions, electricity grid needs, direct sensing of contaminants, operation of other air moving and air cleaning systems. In addition, smart ventilation systems can provide information to building owners, occupants, and managers on operational energy consumption and indoor air quality as well as a signal when systems need maintenance or repair. Being responsive to occupancy means that a smart ventilation system can adjust ventilation depending on demand such as reducing ventilation if the building is unoccupied. Smart ventilation can time-shift ventilation to periods when a) indoor-outdoor temperature differences are smaller (and away from peak outdoor temperatures and humidity), b) when indoor-outdoor temperatures are appropriate for ventilative cooling, or c) when outdoor air quality is acceptable. Being responsive to electricity grid needs means providing flexibility to electricity demand (including direct signals from utilities) and integration with electric grid control strategies. Smart ventilation systems can have sensors to detect airflow, systems pressures, or fan energy use in such a way that systems failures can be detected and repaired, as well as when system components need maintenance, such as filter replacement.[36]

Ventilation and combustion

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Combustion (in a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and other unhealthy gases and smoke, requiring ventilation air. An open chimney promotes infiltration (i.e. natural ventilation) because of the negative pressure change induced by the buoyant, warmer air leaving through the chimney. The warm air is typically replaced by heavier, cold air.

Ventilation in a structure is also needed for removing water vapor produced by respiration, burning, and cooking, and for removing odors. If water vapor is permitted to accumulate, it may damage the structure, insulation, or finishes. [citation needed] When operating, an air conditioner usually removes excess moisture from the air. A dehumidifier may also be appropriate for removing airborne moisture.

Calculation for acceptable ventilation rate

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Ventilation guidelines are based on the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels of effluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, as it is the gas of highest emission at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/s. The mass balance equation is:

Q = G/(Ci − Ca)

  • Q = ventilation rate (L/s)
  • G = CO2 generation rate
  • Ci = acceptable indoor CO2 concentration
  • Ca = ambient CO2 concentration[37]

Smoking and ventilation

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ASHRAE standard 62 states that air removed from an area with environmental tobacco smoke shall not be recirculated into ETS-free air. A space with ETS requires more ventilation to achieve similar perceived air quality to that of a non-smoking environment.

The amount of ventilation in an ETS area is equal to the amount of an ETS-free area plus the amount V, where:

V = DSD × VA × A/60E

  • V = recommended extra flow rate in CFM (L/s)
  • DSD = design smoking density (estimated number of cigarettes smoked per hour per unit area)
  • VA = volume of ventilation air per cigarette for the room being designed (ft3/cig)
  • E = contaminant removal effectiveness[38]

History

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This ancient Roman house uses a variety of passive cooling and passive ventilation techniques. Heavy masonry walls, small exterior windows, and a narrow walled garden oriented N-S shade the house, preventing heat gain. The house opens onto a central atrium with an impluvium (open to the sky); the evaporative cooling of the water causes a cross-draft from atrium to garden.

Primitive ventilation systems were found at the Pločnik archeological site (belonging to the Vinča culture) in Serbia and were built into early copper smelting furnaces. The furnace, built on the outside of the workshop, featured earthen pipe-like air vents with hundreds of tiny holes in them and a prototype chimney to ensure air goes into the furnace to feed the fire and smoke comes out safely.[39]

Passive ventilation and passive cooling systems were widely written about around the Mediterranean by Classical times. Both sources of heat and sources of cooling (such as fountains and subterranean heat reservoirs) were used to drive air circulation, and buildings were designed to encourage or exclude drafts, according to climate and function. Public bathhouses were often particularly sophisticated in their heating and cooling. Icehouses are some millennia old, and were part of a well-developed ice industry by classical times.

The development of forced ventilation was spurred by the common belief in the late 18th and early 19th century in the miasma theory of disease, where stagnant 'airs' were thought to spread illness. An early method of ventilation was the use of a ventilating fire near an air vent which would forcibly cause the air in the building to circulate. English engineer John Theophilus Desaguliers provided an early example of this when he installed ventilating fires in the air tubes on the roof of the House of Commons. Starting with the Covent Garden Theatre, gas burning chandeliers on the ceiling were often specially designed to perform a ventilating role.

Mechanical systems

[edit]
The Central Tower of the Palace of Westminster. This octagonal spire was for ventilation purposes, in the more complex system imposed by Reid on Barry, in which it was to draw air out of the Palace. The design was for the aesthetic disguise of its function.[40][41]

A more sophisticated system involving the use of mechanical equipment to circulate the air was developed in the mid-19th century. A basic system of bellows was put in place to ventilate Newgate Prison and outlying buildings, by the engineer Stephen Hales in the mid-1700s. The problem with these early devices was that they required constant human labor to operate. David Boswell Reid was called to testify before a Parliamentary committee on proposed architectural designs for the new House of Commons, after the old one burned down in a fire in 1834.[40] In January 1840 Reid was appointed by the committee for the House of Lords dealing with the construction of the replacement for the Houses of Parliament. The post was in the capacity of ventilation engineer, in effect; and with its creation there began a long series of quarrels between Reid and Charles Barry, the architect.[42]

Reid advocated the installation of a very advanced ventilation system in the new House. His design had air being drawn into an underground chamber, where it would undergo either heating or cooling. It would then ascend into the chamber through thousands of small holes drilled into the floor, and would be extracted through the ceiling by a special ventilation fire within a great stack.[43]

Reid's reputation was made by his work in Westminster. He was commissioned for an air quality survey in 1837 by the Leeds and Selby Railway in their tunnel.[44] The steam vessels built for the Niger expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems based on Reid's Westminster model.[45] Air was dried, filtered and passed over charcoal.[46][47] Reid's ventilation method was also applied more fully to St. George's Hall, Liverpool, where the architect, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, requested that Reid should be involved in ventilation design.[48] Reid considered this the only building in which his system was completely carried out.[49]

Fans

[edit]

With the advent of practical steam power, ceiling fans could finally be used for ventilation. Reid installed four steam-powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling. Reid's pioneering work provides the basis for ventilation systems to this day.[43] He was remembered as "Dr. Reid the ventilator" in the twenty-first century in discussions of energy efficiency, by Lord Wade of Chorlton.[50]

History and development of ventilation rate standards

[edit]

Ventilating a space with fresh air aims to avoid "bad air". The study of what constitutes bad air dates back to the 1600s when the scientist Mayow studied asphyxia of animals in confined bottles.[51] The poisonous component of air was later identified as carbon dioxide (CO2), by Lavoisier in the very late 1700s, starting a debate as to the nature of "bad air" which humans perceive to be stuffy or unpleasant. Early hypotheses included excess concentrations of CO2 and oxygen depletion. However, by the late 1800s, scientists thought biological contamination, not oxygen or CO2, was the primary component of unacceptable indoor air. However, it was noted as early as 1872 that CO2 concentration closely correlates to perceived air quality.

The first estimate of minimum ventilation rates was developed by Tredgold in 1836.[52] This was followed by subsequent studies on the topic by Billings [53] in 1886 and Flugge in 1905. The recommendations of Billings and Flugge were incorporated into numerous building codes from 1900–the 1920s and published as an industry standard by ASHVE (the predecessor to ASHRAE) in 1914.[51]

The study continued into the varied effects of thermal comfort, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and biological contaminants. The research was conducted with human subjects in controlled test chambers. Two studies, published between 1909 and 1911, showed that carbon dioxide was not the offending component. Subjects remained satisfied in chambers with high levels of CO2, so long as the chamber remained cool.[51] (Subsequently, it has been determined that CO2 is, in fact, harmful at concentrations over 50,000ppm[54])

ASHVE began a robust research effort in 1919. By 1935, ASHVE-funded research conducted by Lemberg, Brandt, and Morse – again using human subjects in test chambers – suggested the primary component of "bad air" was an odor, perceived by the human olfactory nerves.[55] Human response to odor was found to be logarithmic to contaminant concentrations, and related to temperature. At lower, more comfortable temperatures, lower ventilation rates were satisfactory. A 1936 human test chamber study by Yaglou, Riley, and Coggins culminated much of this effort, considering odor, room volume, occupant age, cooling equipment effects, and recirculated air implications, which guided ventilation rates.[56] The Yaglou research has been validated, and adopted into industry standards, beginning with the ASA code in 1946. From this research base, ASHRAE (having replaced ASHVE) developed space-by-space recommendations, and published them as ASHRAE Standard 62-1975: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.

As more architecture incorporated mechanical ventilation, the cost of outdoor air ventilation came under some scrutiny. In 1973, in response to the 1973 oil crisis and conservation concerns, ASHRAE Standards 62-73 and 62–81) reduced required ventilation from 10 CFM (4.76 L/s) per person to 5 CFM (2.37 L/s) per person. In cold, warm, humid, or dusty climates, it is preferable to minimize ventilation with outdoor air to conserve energy, cost, or filtration. This critique (e.g. Tiller[57]) led ASHRAE to reduce outdoor ventilation rates in 1981, particularly in non-smoking areas. However subsequent research by Fanger,[58] W. Cain, and Janssen validated the Yaglou model. The reduced ventilation rates were found to be a contributing factor to sick building syndrome.[59]

The 1989 ASHRAE standard (Standard 62–89) states that appropriate ventilation guidelines are 20 CFM (9.2 L/s) per person in an office building, and 15 CFM (7.1 L/s) per person for schools, while 2004 Standard 62.1-2004 has lower recommendations again (see tables below). ANSI/ASHRAE (Standard 62–89) speculated that "comfort (odor) criteria are likely to be satisfied if the ventilation rate is set so that 1,000 ppm CO2 is not exceeded"[60] while OSHA has set a limit of 5000 ppm over 8 hours.[61]

Historical ventilation rates
Author or source Year Ventilation rate (IP) Ventilation rate (SI) Basis or rationale
Tredgold 1836 4 CFM per person 2 L/s per person Basic metabolic needs, breathing rate, and candle burning
Billings 1895 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Indoor air hygiene, preventing spread of disease
Flugge 1905 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Excessive temperature or unpleasant odor
ASHVE 1914 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Based on Billings, Flugge and contemporaries
Early US Codes 1925 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Same as above
Yaglou 1936 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Odor control, outdoor air as a fraction of total air
ASA 1946 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Yahlou and contemporaries
ASHRAE 1975 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Same as above
ASHRAE 1981 10 CFM per person 5 L/s per person For non-smoking areas, reduced.
ASHRAE 1989 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Fanger, W. Cain, and Janssen

ASHRAE continues to publish space-by-space ventilation rate recommendations, which are decided by a consensus committee of industry experts. The modern descendants of ASHRAE standard 62-1975 are ASHRAE Standard 62.1, for non-residential spaces, and ASHRAE 62.2 for residences.

In 2004, the calculation method was revised to include both an occupant-based contamination component and an area–based contamination component.[62] These two components are additive, to arrive at an overall ventilation rate. The change was made to recognize that densely populated areas were sometimes overventilated (leading to higher energy and cost) using a per-person methodology.

Occupant Based Ventilation Rates,[62] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

IP Units SI Units Category Examples
0 cfm/person 0 L/s/person Spaces where ventilation requirements are primarily associated with building elements, not occupants. Storage Rooms, Warehouses
5 cfm/person 2.5 L/s/person Spaces occupied by adults, engaged in low levels of activity Office space
7.5 cfm/person 3.5 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in higher levels of activity, but not strenuous, or activities generating more contaminants Retail spaces, lobbies
10 cfm/person 5 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in more strenuous activity, but not exercise, or activities generating more contaminants Classrooms, school settings
20 cfm/person 10 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in exercise, or activities generating many contaminants dance floors, exercise rooms

Area-based ventilation rates,[62] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

IP Units SI Units Category Examples
0.06 cfm/ft2 0.30 L/s/m2 Spaces where space contamination is normal, or similar to an office environment Conference rooms, lobbies
0.12 cfm/ft2 0.60 L/s/m2 Spaces where space contamination is significantly higher than an office environment Classrooms, museums
0.18 cfm/ft2 0.90 L/s/m2 Spaces where space contamination is even higher than the previous category Laboratories, art classrooms
0.30 cfm/ft2 1.5 L/s/m2 Specific spaces in sports or entertainment where contaminants are released Sports, entertainment
0.48 cfm/ft2 2.4 L/s/m2 Reserved for indoor swimming areas, where chemical concentrations are high Indoor swimming areas

The addition of occupant- and area-based ventilation rates found in the tables above often results in significantly reduced rates compared to the former standard. This is compensated in other sections of the standard which require that this minimum amount of air is delivered to the breathing zone of the individual occupant at all times. The total outdoor air intake of the ventilation system (in multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems) might therefore be similar to the airflow required by the 1989 standard.
From 1999 to 2010, there was considerable development of the application protocol for ventilation rates. These advancements address occupant- and process-based ventilation rates, room ventilation effectiveness, and system ventilation effectiveness[63]

Problems

[edit]
  • In hot, humid climates, unconditioned ventilation air can daily deliver approximately 260 milliliters of water for each cubic meters per hour (m3/h) of outdoor air (or one pound of water each day for each cubic feet per minute of outdoor air per day), annual average.[citation needed] This is a great deal of moisture and can create serious indoor moisture and mold problems. For example, given a 150 m2 building with an airflow of 180 m3/h this could result in about 47 liters of water accumulated per day.
  • Ventilation efficiency is determined by design and layout, and is dependent upon the placement and proximity of diffusers and return air outlets. If they are located closely together, supply air may mix with stale air, decreasing the efficiency of the HVAC system, and creating air quality problems.
  • System imbalances occur when components of the HVAC system are improperly adjusted or installed and can create pressure differences (too much-circulating air creating a draft or too little circulating air creating stagnancy).
  • Cross-contamination occurs when pressure differences arise, forcing potentially contaminated air from one zone to an uncontaminated zone. This often involves undesired odors or VOCs.
  • Re-entry of exhaust air occurs when exhaust outlets and fresh air intakes are either too close, prevailing winds change exhaust patterns or infiltration between intake and exhaust air flows.
  • Entrainment of contaminated outdoor air through intake flows will result in indoor air contamination. There are a variety of contaminated air sources, ranging from industrial effluent to VOCs put off by nearby construction work.[64] A recent study revealed that in urban European buildings equipped with ventilation systems lacking outdoor air filtration, the exposure to outdoor-originating pollutants indoors resulted in more Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) than exposure to indoor-emitted pollutants.[65]

See also

[edit]
  • Architectural engineering
  • Biological safety
  • Cleanroom
  • Environmental tobacco smoke
  • Fume hood
  • Head-end power
  • Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
  • Heat recovery ventilation
  • Mechanical engineering
  • Room air distribution
  • Sick building syndrome
  • Siheyuan
  • Solar chimney
  • Tulou
  • Windcatcher

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Malone, Alanna. "The Windcatcher House". Architectural Record: Building for Social Change. McGraw-Hill. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012.
  2. ^ ASHRAE (2021). "Ventilation and Infiltration". ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Peachtree Corners, GA: ASHRAE. ISBN 978-1-947192-90-4.
  3. ^ a b Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy
  4. ^ de Gids W.F., Jicha M., 2010. "Ventilation Information Paper 32: Hybrid Ventilation Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine", Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC), 2010
  5. ^ Schiavon, Stefano (2014). "Adventitious ventilation: a new definition for an old mode?". Indoor Air. 24 (6): 557–558. Bibcode:2014InAir..24..557S. doi:10.1111/ina.12155. ISSN 1600-0668. PMID 25376521.
  6. ^ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, US
  7. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2024). "European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand". Energy and Buildings. 304. Bibcode:2024EneBu.30413839B. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839.
  8. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2022). "Outdoor PM2. 5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy". Building & Cities. 3 (1): 186–203. doi:10.5334/bc.153.
  9. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2024). "European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand". Energy and Buildings. 304. Bibcode:2024EneBu.30413839B. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839.
  10. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2023). "Influence of outdoor air pollution on European residential ventilative cooling potential". Energy and Buildings. 289. Bibcode:2023EneBu.28913044B. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113044.
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  12. ^ Kavanaugh, Steve. Infiltration and Ventilation In Residential Structures. February 2004
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  22. ^ Dr. Edward A. Nardell Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School "If We're Going to Live With COVID-19, It's Time to Clean Our Indoor Air Properly". Time. February 2022.
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  25. ^ Mudarri, David (January 2010). Public Health Consequences and Cost of Climate Change Impacts on Indoor Environments (PDF) (Report). The Indoor Environments Division, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 38–39, 63.
  26. ^ "Climate Change a Systems Perspective". Cassbeth.
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  28. ^ Mansson L.G., Svennberg S.A., Liddament M.W., 1997: "Technical Synthesis Report. A Summary of IEA Annex 18. Demand Controlled Ventilating Systems Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine", UK, Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC), 1997
  29. ^ ASHRAE (2006). "Interpretation IC 62.1-2004-06 Of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Ventilation For Acceptable Indoor Air Quality" (PDF). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  30. ^ Fahlen P., Andersson H., Ruud S., 1992: "Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems: Sensor Tests Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine", Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Boras, 1992
  31. ^ Raatschen W., 1992: "Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems: Sensor Market Survey Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine", Swedish Council for Building Research, 1992
  32. ^ Mansson L.G., Svennberg S.A., 1993: "Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems: Source Book Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine", Swedish Council for Building Research, 1993
  33. ^ Lin X, Lau J & Grenville KY. (2012). "Evaluation of the Validity of the Assumptions Underlying CO2-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation by a Literature review" (PDF). ASHRAE Transactions NY-14-007 (RP-1547). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  34. ^ ASHRAE (2010). "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: Energy Standard for Buildings Except for Low-Rise Residential Buildings". American Society of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
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  37. ^ "Home". Wapa.gov. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  38. ^ ASHRAE, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Atlanta, 2002.
  39. ^ "Stone Pages Archaeo News: Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture". www.stonepages.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
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  41. ^ "The Towers of Parliament". www.parliament.UK. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012.
  42. ^ Alfred Barry (1867). "The life and works of Sir Charles Barry, R.A., F.R.S., &c. &c". Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  43. ^ a b Robert Bruegmann. "Central Heating and Ventilation: Origins and Effects on Architectural Design" (PDF).
  44. ^ Russell, Colin A; Hudson, John (2011). Early Railway Chemistry and Its Legacy. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84973-326-7. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  45. ^ Milne, Lynn. "McWilliam, James Ormiston". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17747. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  46. ^ Philip D. Curtin (1973). The image of Africa: British ideas and action, 1780–1850. Vol. 2. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-299-83026-7. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
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  48. ^ Sturrock, Neil; Lawsdon-Smith, Peter (10 June 2009). "David Boswell Reid's Ventilation of St. George's Hall, Liverpool". The Victorian Web. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  49. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). "Reid, David Boswell" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 47. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  50. ^ Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Science and Technology Committee (15 July 2005). Energy Efficiency: 2nd Report of Session 2005–06. The Stationery Office. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-10-400724-2. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  51. ^ a b c Janssen, John (September 1999). "The History of Ventilation and Temperature Control" (PDF). ASHRAE Journal. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  52. ^ Tredgold, T. 1836. "The Principles of Warming and Ventilation – Public Buildings". London: M. Taylor
  53. ^ Billings, J.S. 1886. "The principles of ventilation and heating and their practical application 2d ed., with corrections" Archived copy. OL 22096429M.
  54. ^ "Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Carbon dioxide – NIOSH Publications and Products". CDC. May 1994. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  55. ^ Lemberg WH, Brandt AD, and Morse, K. 1935. "A laboratory study of minimum ventilation requirements: ventilation box experiments". ASHVE Transactions, V. 41
  56. ^ Yaglou CPE, Riley C, and Coggins DI. 1936. "Ventilation Requirements" ASHVE Transactions, v.32
  57. ^ Tiller, T.R. 1973. ASHRAE Transactions, v. 79
  58. ^ Berg-Munch B, Clausen P, Fanger PO. 1984. "Ventilation requirements for the control of body odor in spaces occupied by women". Proceedings of the 3rd Int. Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Stockholm, Sweden, V5
  59. ^ Joshi, SM (2008). "The sick building syndrome". Indian J Occup Environ Med. 12 (2): 61–64. doi:10.4103/0019-5278.43262. PMC 2796751. PMID 20040980. in section 3 "Inadequate ventilation"
  60. ^ "Standard 62.1-2004: Stricter or Not?" ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Spring 2006. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 11 June 2014
  61. ^ Apte, Michael G. Associations between indoor CO2 concentrations and sick building syndrome symptoms in U.S. office buildings: an analysis of the 1994–1996 BASE study data." Indoor Air, Dec 2000: 246–58.
  62. ^ a b c Stanke D. 2006. "Explaining Science Behind Standard 62.1-2004". ASHRAE IAQ Applications, V7, Summer 2006. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 11 June 2014
  63. ^ Stanke, DA. 2007. "Standard 62.1-2004: Stricter or Not?" ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Spring 2006. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 11 June 2014
  64. ^ US EPA. Section 2: Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2009.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  65. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2024). "European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand". Energy and Buildings. 304. Bibcode:2024EneBu.30413839B. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839.
[edit]

Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

[edit]
  • Publications from the Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC)

[edit]
  • Publications from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC) ventilation-related research projects-annexes:
    • EBC Annex 9 Minimum Ventilation Rates
    • EBC Annex 18 Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems
    • EBC Annex 26 Energy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures
    • EBC Annex 27 Evaluation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems
    • EBC Annex 35 Control Strategies for Hybrid Ventilation in New and Retrofitted Office Buildings (HYBVENT)
    • EBC Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling

International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate

[edit]
  • Indoor Air Journal
  • Indoor Air Conference Proceedings

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

[edit]
  • ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
  • ASHRAE Standard 62.2 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings

 

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Frequently Asked Questions

Key components to routinely check include the thermostat, circuit breaker panel, wiring connections, capacitors, and contactors. Ensuring these elements are in good working condition helps prevent electrical failures.
Routine checks should ideally be performed at least twice a year, typically before the heating and cooling seasons begin, to ensure all components are functioning correctly and efficiently.
Signs of potential electrical problems include unusual noises, frequent tripping of circuit breakers, burning smells near the unit, inconsistent performance or temperature control, and visible damage or wear on wires and connections.